index of turk, persian and arab terminology
Abbās (lion/austere/stern) family name with historical and religious significance, after figures like Al-ʿAbbas ibn ʿAbd al-Muttalib, the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, and Abbas ibn Ali. The name also has connections to the Aramaic word for "father" and the prominent Abbasid Caliphate dynasty.
Abdul Qadir Gilani (1077. 1166) was a Hanbali scholar, preacher, and Sufi mystic leader who was the eponym of the Qadiriyya, one of the oldest Sufi orders. He was born in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan, Persia, and died in 1166 in Baghdad. His epithet, Gilani (Arabic: al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan, while the epithet, Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (644-705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with religious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I(r. 684–685). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Fitna and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign.
Abu Bakr / Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (c. 550– 600), was a senior companion, the closest friend, and father-in-law of Muhammad. He served as the first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, ruling from 632 until his death in 634. Abu Bakr was granted the honorific title aṣ-Ṣiddīq (lit. the Veracious) by Muhammad, a designation that continues to be used by Sunni Muslims to this day.
Abu Nuwas (756-814) was a classical Arabic poet, and the foremost representative of the modern (muhdath) poetry that developed during the first years of the Abbasid Caliphate. He also entered the folkloric tradition, appearing several times in One Thousand and One Nights. Of mixed Arab and Persian heritage, he studied in Basra and al-Kufah, first under the poet Waliba ibn al-Hubab, and later under Khalaf al-Ahmar. He also studied the Qur'an, Hadith, and grammar. He earned the favour of the Abbasid caliphs Harun ar-Rashid and al-Amin. He is best known for his wine poetry, and Diwan, his collected volume of poetry that explored religion, pleasure, and homoeroticism.
Ād(عاد) was an ancient tribe in pre-Islamic Arabia. 'Ad is best known for being mentioned two dozen times in the Quran. Recently, it has been shown that 'Ad was a tribe that existed two millennia ago in the Wadi Rum region of the southern Jordan. The tribe's members, referred to as ʿĀdites, formed a prosperous nation until they were destroyed in a violent storm. According to Islamic tradition, the storm came after they had rejected the teachings of a monotheistic prophet named Hud (sometimes called Eber, believed to have been a messenger sent to ancient Arabia before Muhammad. Ad is regarded as one of the original tribes of Arabia, "The Extinct Arabs".
Ahl (people of a household) Ahl refers to the people of a household, or a specific group of people, while NAS refers to people in general or mankind. It refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Sunni Islam, the term has also been extended to all descendants of the Banu Hashim(Muhammad's clan) and even to all Muslims. In Shia Islam, the term is limited to Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, his cousin and son-in-law Ali, and their two sons, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. A common Sunni view adds the wives of Muhammad to these five
Aḥmad ibn Mājid (1432-1500) as an Arab navigator and cartographer, born in Julfar, the present-day Ras Al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates. He was raised in a family famous for seafaring; at the age of seventeen he was able to navigate ships. The exact date is not known, but Ibn Mājid probably died around 1500. Although long identified in the West as the navigator who helped Vasco da Gama find his way from Africa to India.
Ahmed Mater (1979) is a doctor–turned–artist who uses photography, film, video art, and text alongside traditional techniques such as painting, and calligraphy
Akhunds (or Akhonds) are Persian/Central Asian Islamic religious leaders, scholars, or teachers, a title often used as a surname, found in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc., similar to 'Mullah' or 'Sheikh', but can also refer to specific prominent figures like the Taliban's Acting Prime Minister, Mohammad Hassan Akhund, highlighting the term's dual use as a scholarly title and political identifier.Al-Fitnah al-Kubra (656–661) (the First Fitna, was the first civil war in the Islamic community that led to the overthrow of the Rashidun and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali, and the rebel groups, primarily led by Mu'awiya and Aisha bint Abi Bakr.
Al-Fitnah althaania (680–692) (The Second Fitna was a major civil war in the early Islamic Caliphate, a power struggle primarily between the Umayyad Caliphate and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (the Zubayrid Caliphate), also involving Husayn ibn Ali's supporters and Kharijites, which ultimately solidified Umayyad rule under Abd al-Malik, but deepened the Sunni-Shia divide, especially after Husayn's martyrdom at Karbala.
Al-Fitnat althaalitha (744-750) (the third Fitna was a major civil war and series of revolts against the Umayyad Caliphate, starting with the overthrow of Caliph al-Walid II and culminating in the Umayyad dynasty's collapse, replaced by the Abbasids. It was characterized by internal Umayyad strife (Qays vs. Yaman factions), anti-Umayyad uprisings in various provinces (like Khurasan), and intertwined tribal, religious (Kharijite, Shi'ite), and political conflicts, ultimately leading to the Abbasid Revolution that established the Abbasid Caliphate.Al-Latif (is one of the names of God in Islam, meaning "kind" or “gentle”)
Al-Masʿūdī (Alī al-Masʿūdī) 896–956, was a historian, geographer and traveler. He is sometimes referred to as the Herodotus of the Arabs". A polymath and prolific author of over twenty works on theology, history(Islamic and universal), geography, natural science and philosophy, his celebrated magnum opusThe Meadows of Gold (Murūj al-Dhahab) combines universal history with scientific geography, social commentary and biography. Born in Baghdad, he was descended from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, a companion of Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is believed that he was a member of Banu Hudhayl tribe of Arabs. Al-Mas'udi mentions a number of scholar associates he encountered during his journeys: Al-Mas'udi's travels actually occupied most of his life from at least 903/915 CE to very near the end of his life. His journeys took him to most of the Persian provinces, Armenia, Georgia and other region of the Caspian Sea; as well as to Arabia, Syria and Egypt. He also travelled to the Indus Valley, and other parts of India, especially the western coast; and he voyaged more than once to East Africa. He also sailed on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and the Caspian.
Al-Sawani is one of the professions that people relied on in the past to extract water from deep wells. It was renowned in most rural areas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and it depended on trained animals for this purpose, including camels, bulls, and donkeys. The tools used include al-Rasha, al-Sareeh, al-Maqat, al-Dhamad, and others. This profession was widespread in several provinces of the Kingdom.
Alawites (Al-Alawiyyūn) are an ethnoreligious group who live primarily in the Levant region in West Asia and follow Alawism, an offshoot of Shia Islam as a ghulat branch during the ninth century. Alawites venerate Ali ibn Abi Talib, the "first Imam" in the Twelver school, as a manifestation of the divine essence. Ahmad al-Alawi (1869–1934), known as al-ʿAlāwī al-Mustaghānimī, was an Algerian Sufi Sheikh who founded his own Sufi order, called the Alawiyya.
Alhamdulillah "All praise is due to Allah" It is a common expression of gratitude and thankfulness in Islam, used to express appreciation for blessings and mercy. The phrase is used in both good and bad times as a way to acknowledge that all praise belongs to God.Ali ibn Abi Talib ( 600 – 661) was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 until his assassination in 661, as well as the first Shia Imam. He was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings.
Almanaque (al-manāḵ, “climate”) from Andalusian Arabic, from Late Ancient Greek ἀλμενιχιακά-almenikhiaká, “calendar”),
Bassianus (Julius) (138- 217) was a Syrian high priest of Elagabalus at the Temple of the Sun in Emesa, Syria, where this solar deity was worshipped in a shape of a black stone. The name Elagabalus derives from Ilāh (a Semitic word for "god") and gabal (an Arabic word for "mountain"), resulting in "the God of the Mountain," the Emesene manifestation of the deity. Bassianus was a member of the Royal family of Emesa (modern Homs), which was a part of the Arab aristocracy in this client kingdom of the Roman Empire. The beginning of his priesthood is unknown, but by 187 he was a high priest at Emesa. Bassianus was a son of a Julius and his paternal uncle was Julius Agrippa, who served as a Primipilaris (a former leading Centurion).
Bektashism is a Sufi order of Islam that evolved in 13th-century western Anatolia and became widespread in the Ottoman Empire. It is named after the walī (saint) Haji Bektash Veli, with adherents called Bektashis. Origins of Haji Bektash's teachings can be traced back to the scholar Ahmad Yasawi of Turkestan. Highest title in Bektashi chain of succession is Dedebaba, followed by Halifebaba and Baba.
Burnous (long cloak of coarse woollen fabric with a pointed hood, often white, traditionally worn by Arab and Berber men in North Africa. Also called burnoose, burnouse, bournousor barnous)
Buyid Dynasty (aldawlat albuayhia) was a Shia Iranian dynasty of Daylamite origin that ruled central/southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062, establishing a powerful empire that controlled the Abbasid Caliphate's capital in Baghdad, patronized Shia Islam, fostered Persian culture, and left a lasting mark on Iranian history as part of the "Iranian Intermezzo" period, known for its distinctive art and governance under powerful emirDhow (vessels) (is the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with settee or sometimes lateen sails, used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region. Typically sporting long thin hulls, dhows are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, such as fruit, fresh water, or other heavy merchandise, along the coasts of Eastern Arabia, Iran, East Africa, Yemen and coastal South Asia. Larger dhows have crews of approximately thirty and smaller ones typically around twelve)
Farraj ("to cure," "fortune," or "remedy")
Fatha (it can mean "youthful, honorable man", or it can refer to the diacritical mark "fatha"which creates an "a" sound. It can also refer to the Al-Fatat organization, which was an Arab nationalist group in the Ottoman Empire, or the Fatah political party, an acronym meaning "opening, conquering, or victory". Finally, the term could also refer to the former "Federally Administered Tribal Areas" (FATA) in Pakistan, which are historically linked to the region)
Fatima bint Muhammad / Fatima al-Zahra' (605-632) commonly known as was the daughter of the Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Fatima's husband was Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun caliphs and the first Shia imam. Fatima's sons were Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia imams, respectively.
Fatima bint Muhammad al-Fihriya al-Qurashiyya / Umm al-Banīn (800-880) ( known as "Mother of the Children"), she is credited with founding the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in 857–859 CE in Fez, Morocco. The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque subsequently developed into a teaching institution, which became the modern University of al-Qarawiyyin in 1963. Her story is told by Ibn Abi Zar' (d. between 1310 and 1320) in The Garden of Pages (Rawd al-Qirtas).Fayṣal bin Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī (1885-1933) was a Hejazi statesman who served as the King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933. A member of the Hashemite family, he was a leader of the Great Arab Revolt during the First World War, and ruled as the unrecognized King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria from March to July 1920 when he was expelled by the French.
Gaddafi (Muammar Muhammad al-Gaddafi) (1942-2011) was a Libyan military officer,revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by Libyan rebel forces in 2011. He came to power through a military coup, first becoming Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977, Secretary General of the General People's Congress from 1977 to 1979, and then the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1979 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Gaddafi later ruled according to his ownThird International Theory.
Gindibu (700-800) ruled over an Arab kingdom located in the northeastern parts of present-day Jordan, on the eastern borders of the Assyrian province of Haurina (Hauran) established by Tiglath-Pileser III in 732 BC. The kingdom spanned the Azraq oasis and Wadi Sirhan, and was bordered by the powerful kingdoms of Aram-Damascus and Israel in the west, although Gindibu himself was independent of Damascene hegemony
Giritli Sırrı Pasha ("Sırrı Pasha the Cretan") was a 19th-century Ottoman administrator and man of letters of Turkish Cretan origin. He was born in 1844 in Kandiye, Crete, Ottoman Empire as the son of Helvacızade Salih Tosun Efendi. He started out as a clerk in the local Ottoman bureaucracy in Crete and later came to Istanbul, pursuing an education with a particular religious emphasis. Climbing through the hierarchy, he served as governor of Trabzon, Kastamonu, Ankara, Sivas and Baghdad, and was noted as a successful administrator. He published his writings of a personal and political nature under the title "Letters of Sırrı Paşa" (Mektubat-ı Sırrı Paşa). Yet another collection is his commentaries (tefsir) of various verses of the Koran, united under the titles Sırr-ı Kur'an (the secret of Koran), Sırr-ı insan, Sırr-ı Tenzil, Sırr-ı Meryem and Ahsenü'l-Kasas. The last one in particular, on the theme of the stories of Joseph and Jacob, remains a work of reference in Turkish literature.Gog and Magog (are a pair of names that appear in the Bible and the Qur'an, variously ascribed to individuals, tribes, or lands. In Ezekiel 38, Gog is an individual and Magog is his land. By the time of the New Testament's Revelation 20 (Revelation 20:8), Jewish tradition had come to view Ezekiel's "Gog from Magog" as "Gog and Magog". The Gog prophecy is meant to be fulfilled at the approach of what is called the "end of days", but not necessarily the end of the world. Jewish eschatology viewed Gog and Magog as enemies to be defeated by the Messiah, which would usher in the age of the Messiah. One view within Christianity is more starkly apocalyptic, making Gog and Magog allies of Satan against God at the end of the millennium, as described in the Book of Revelation)
Golden Horde (khaniat alqabilat aldhahabia) was a powerful 13th-century Mongol-Turkic khanate (state) that emerged from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire, established by Batu Khan (Genghis Khan's grandson) after conquering vast lands in Eastern Europe, including parts of Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. It became largely independent by the 14th century, ruling over diverse populations and influencing the development of modern Russia, but eventually fragmented due to internal conflict and external pressures, dissolving by the 1500s.Husayn ibn Ali (626 – 680) was a social, political and religious leader in early medieval Arabia. The grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and an Alid (the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima), as well as a younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn is regarded as the third Imam in Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, Ali al-Sajjad. Husayn is a prominent member of the Ahl al-Bayt and is also considered to be a member of the Ahl al-Kisa and a participant in the event of the mubahala. Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as the leaders of the youth of paradise.
Ibn Battuta (1300-1370) was a Maghrebi Muslim traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, commonly known as The Rihla. Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km (15,000 mi)
Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217) was an Arab geographer, traveller and poet from al-Andalus. His travel chronicle describes the pilgrimage he made to Mecca from 1183 to 1185, in the years preceding the Third Crusade. His chronicle describes Saladin's domains in Egypt and the Levant which he passed through on his way to Mecca. Further, on his return journey, he passed through Christian Sicily, which had been recaptured from the Muslims only a century before, and he made several observations on the hybrid polyglot culture that flourished there.
Ibn Juzayy (Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi) was a prominent Andalusian (Granada) Islamic scholar and writer from the 14th century, known for his vast knowledge across Quranic exegesis (Tafsir), jurisprudence (Fiqh), Hadith, history, Arabic, and poetry, notably authoring the famous Tashil commentary on the Quran and the legal manual Al-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah, and for his involvement in jihad, dying as a martyr in battleIbn Khaldun Ibn (1332 –1406) was an Arab Islamic scholar, historian, philosopher, and sociologist. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies. He later influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as Kâtip Çelebi, Mustafa Naima and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. Ibn Khaldun interacted with Tamerlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire.
Idris (I) ibn Abd Allah (700-790) was a Hasanid and the founder of the Idrisid dynasty in part of northern Morocco, after fleeing the Hejaz as a result of the Battle of Fakhkh. He ruled from 788 to 791. He is credited with founding the dynasty that established Moroccan statehood, and is regarded as the founding father of Morocco
Imam (an Islamic leadership position that primarily means a prayer leader of a mosque. While an imam's role can include leading prayers, serving as a community leader, and providing religious guidance, the specific significance and criteria for an imam differ between Sunni and Shia Islam. In Sunni Islam, an imam is the prayer leader, and the position may require a degree of Islamic knowledge. In Shia Islam, an imam is considered a spiritual and infallible leader who is a successor to the Prophet Muhammad, and this role is reserved for members of the Prophet's family)
Imambara / Imambargah / A husayniyya (Arabic: حسينية) is a building designed specifically for gatherings of Shia Muslims for spiritual practice, religious education and commemoration ceremonies, especially the Mourning of Muharram. The husayniyya is a multipurpose hall for the commemoration rituals of Shia and gets its name from Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad. They are referred to as Takya among Sunni Muslims and have common origin.Ifrit a powerful type of demon in Islamic culture. Theʿafārīt are often associated with the underworld and identified with the spirits of the dead, and have been compared to evil genii locorum in European culture. In Quran, hadith, and Mi'raj narrations the term functions as an epithet, always followed by the phrase "among the jinn". Due to the ambiguous meaning of the term jinn, their relation to other spirits is often unclear.
Ikhwān commonly known as Ikhwān man Aṭāʿa Allah, was a Wahhabi religious militia made up of traditionally nomadic tribesmen which formed a significant military force of the ruler Ibn Saud and played an important role during the unification of Saudi Arabia whereby establishing him as ruler of most of the Arabian Peninsula in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Jubba (thawb, dishdash or kandura) a garment traditionally worn by men in the Arab world. It is a long-sleeved, ankle-length robe that has regional variations in name and style.
Junayd of Baghdad was a mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders. Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan".Kaimakam "deputy". (Ottoman Turkish: قائم مقام, meaning "one who stands in place") is a high-ranking government official in Turkey and other successor states, serving as the highest civil administrator of a district (ilçe), acting as the state's representative at the local level, similar to a prefect or sub-governor. Originally an Ottoman title for deputies of Grand Viziers or governors, today it's a career civil service position in Turkey, overseeing local government and reporting to provincial governors (Vali).
Karbala Battle (maerakat karbala') (10 October 680) battle/war between the army of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I (680–683) and a small army led by Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, that was massacred by a larger Umayyad army serving, cementing Umayyad power but becoming the foundational martyrdom for Shia Islam, commemorated annually on Ashura.
Keffiyeh / Kūfīyah (a traditional headdress worn by men from parts of the Middle East. It is fashioned from a square scarf, and is usually made of cotton. The keffiyeh is commonly found in arid regions, as it protects from sunburn, dust, and sand. A head cord, agal, is often used by Arabs to keep the keffiyeh in place)
Khivâ Khânligi (Khanate of Khiva) was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid 0ccupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva. It covered present-day western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before the Russian conquest at the second half of the 19th century.
Khorasan is a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau in West and Central Asia that encompasses western and northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, the eastern halves of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, and portions of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The extent of the region referred to as Khorasan varied over time. In its stricter historical sense, it comprised the present territories of northeastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan and southern parts of Central Asia, extending as far as the Amu Darya (Oxus) river. However, the name has often been used in a loose sense to include a wider region that included most of Transoxiana (encompassing Bukhara and Samarqand in present-day Uzbekistan)
Lal Shahbaz Qalandar Sayyid Uthman al-Marwandi , (1177 -1274) popularly known as Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (Sindhi: لعل شهباز قلندر), was a Sufi saint and poet who is revered in South Asia. Born in Marwand, Sistan, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar eventually settled in Sindh and is revered by the local Sindhi population. He is called Lal ("ruby-coloured") because he used to wear red, his favorite color; "Shahbaz" to denote a noble and divine spirit; and "Qalandar" as he was a wandering spiritual manMamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) as a powerful medieval Islamic state ruling Egypt, the Levant, and the Hejaz, established by Mamluks—slave-soldiers of Turkic or Circassian origin who overthrew their Ayyubid masters. They were known as the strongest military power in the Islamic world, famously halting Mongol advances at Ain Jalut and driving out the Crusaders, while also fostering significant cultural, architectural (like Cairo's mosques), and trade development until conquered by the Ottomans.Mariam Abou Zahab (1952—2017) was a French political scientist, sociologist, and scholar of Islamic studies. She was an expert in the Politics of the Middle East, particularly Afghanistan and Pakistan. She was also a humanitarian aid worker in Afghanistan.
Maʿrifa ("experiential knowledge" or "gnosis") In Sufism, is the mystical understanding of God or Divine Reality. It has been described as an immediate recognition and understanding of the true nature of things as they are. Ma'rifa encompasses a deep understanding of the ultimate Truth, which is essentially God, and extends to the comprehension of all things in their connection to God. Sufi mystics attain maʿrifa by embarking on a spiritual journey, typically consisting of various stages referred to as "stations" and "states." In the state of ma'rifa, the mystic transcends the temptations of the self and is absorbed in God, experiencing a sense of alienation from their own self. The term 'arif, "gnostic" has been used to designate advanced mystics who have attained the spiritual station of ma'rifa.
Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: محمد كامل پاشا; Turkish: Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa, "Mehmed Kâmil Pasha the Cypriot", also spelled as Kâmil Pasha (1833 – 1913), was an Ottoman statesman and liberal politician of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was the Grand Vizier of the Empire during four different periods.
Michel Boivin is a French historian and anthropologist who specializes in South Asia. Trained in contemporary history, Islamic studies and ethnology, he is currently Emeritus Director of Research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS: French National Center for Scientific Research) and a member of the CESAH (Centre for the Study of South Asia and the Himalayas), former CEIAS (Center for South Asian Studies) at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences.
Muhammad (570- 632CE) was an Arab religious, military and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, jesus, and other prophets. He is believed by Muslims to be the Seal of the Prophets, and along with the Quran, his teachings and normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief.
Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year when warfare is banned. It precedes the month of Safar. The tenth of Muharram is known as Ashura, an important day of commemoration in Islam. For Sunni Muslims, the day commemorates the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and the salvation of the Israelites, observed through voluntary fasting and other permissible expressions of gratitude. By contrast, Ashura is a day of mourning for Shia Muslims, who annually commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683). The Shia rituals span the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with mourning processions in Shia cities. Also in Muharram, the Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem was initially set as the direction of prayer for early Muslims.
Nasrani (nazareno, how cristian used to be called by the arabs)
Nawal El Saadawi (1931 – 2021) was an Egyptian feminist writer, activist and physician. She wrote numerous books on the subject of women in Islam, focusing on the concerns of women in the Global South pertaining to sexuality, patriarchy, class, and colonialism. She was founder and president of the Arab Women's Solidarity Association, and co-founder of then Arab Association for Human Rights.[4] She was awarded honorary degrees on three continents. In 2004, she won the North–South Prize from the Council of Europe. In 2005, she won the Inana International Prize in Belgium, and in 2012, the International Peace Bureau awarded her the 2012 Seán MacBride Peace Prize.
Oghuz Turks were a powerful western Turkic tribal confederation from Central Asia, forming the Oghuz Yabgu State by the 8th century, known for their skilled horsemanship and archery, and are the ancestral source of modern Turks, Azerbaijanis, and Turkmens. They migrated westward, served as mercenaries for Islamic empires, and established major dynasties like the Seljuks and Ottomans, influencing vast regions from Anatolia to Persia, with their legacy embedded in Turkic languages and cultures.Qibṭ "Copts" (a Christian ethnoreligious group native to Northeast Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt since antiquity)
Qiniq also spelled Qïnïq, Qynyk or Qynyq were an Oghuz Turkic tribe
Qirmiz Kermes (dye) derived from Turkish qirmiz or kirmizi (قرمز), "crimson" (both the colour and the dyestuff) Etymology: in Sanskrit (kṛmi-ja, meaning "worm-made"), then passed into Persian (qermez), and finally into Arabic (qirmiz).Kermes is a genus of gall-like scale insects in the family Kermesidae. They feed on the sap of oaks; the females produce a red dye, also called "kermes", that is the source of natural crimson. (carmesim). Kermes vermilio (the insect) initially produced dye was historically significant in Turkey and other Mediterranean regions for coloring textiles, particularly wool and leather. Carmel Mount (Jabal al-Karmil) (جبل الكرمل) located in Israel, is mentioned in the Bible and was known for its beauty and fertility, often associated with gardens and vineyards. The name Carmen has two primary origins, one Spanish and one Latin. In Spanish, it is a short form of María del Carmen, which refers to "Mary of Carmel", referencing the biblical Mount Carmel. This Mount Carmel is also connected to the Hebrew word "karmel," meaning "garden" or "vineyard". In Latin, Carmen means "song" or "poem," and is also the root of the English word "charm". María del Carmen: The name Carmen is a popular Spanish name derived from the Marian title "Nuestra Señora del Carmen" (Our Lady of Mount Carmel). Latin Origin: Latin word "carmen" means "song," "poem," or "incantation". Gave origin to the english word Charm: Carme is also a small, irregular moon of Jupiter (it has around 100 moons) Carme is known for its reddish hue and its orbit is inclined at a significant angle to Jupiter's equator. Carmine dyes were used in paints by Michelangelo and for the crimson fabrics of the Hussars (derived from Hungarian huszár, ultimately from Serbian gusar, refers to a class of light cavalry that emerged in 15t century Hungary and Transylvania, influenced by exiled Serbian horsemen. These troops spread across Europe, evolving into both heavy variants most notably the Polish winged hussars renowned for their decisive shock charges in battles such as Vienna (1683) and lighter formations suited to reconnaissance, raiding, and skirmishing) The Turks also used it in some banners (Kermes Turkish flag) and the British used it, for exemple, in the dying of Redcoats. In Anatolian textiles, kermes was used to produce a "cold red" tone, highly valued in carpets and kilims. Carmine pigment was extensively used by the Aztec civilization to dye textiles. It was imported later to Europe during the 16th century.
Qizilbash or Kizilbash were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, Kurdistan, the Armenian highlands, and the Caucasus from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty in early modern Iran. By the 18th-century, anyone involved with the Safavid state—militarily, diplomatically, or administratively—came to be broadly referred to as "Qizilbash". It was eventually applied to some inhabitants of Iran. In the early 19th-century, Shia Muslims from Iran could be referred as "Qizilbash", thus highlighting the influence of the distinctive traits of the Safavids, despite the Iranian shah (king) Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834) simultaneously creating a Qajar dynastic identity grounded in the pre-Islamic past.Qubba (a dome, and more specifically, a domed tomb or shrine. It originated from a word meaning a tent or anything gathered into a circular shape, and later extended to buildings in Islamic architecture. Today, it can refer to any domed tomb site that is a place of pilgrimage or a small Muslim shrine)
Rabia Basri (717–801 C), also known as Rabia al-Adawiyya, was a revered early Muslim mystic, saint, and poet from Basra, Iraq, considered the first female Sufi saint and a foundational figure in Sufism, famous for teaching selfless, pure love for God, free from fear or desire for reward. Despite a harsh early life, including being orphaned and sold into slavery, she achieved spiritual heights through asceticism, prayer, and devotion, inspiring generations with her profound love for the Divine.Sabiha Gökçen (1913 – 2001) was a Turkish aviator. During her flight career, she flew around 8,000 hours and participated in 32 different military operations. She became the world's first female fighter pilot, at age 23. As an orphan, she was one of the nine children adopted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. She is recognized as the first female combat pilot by The Guinness Book of World Records and was selected as the only female pilot for the poster of "The 20 Greatest Aviators in History" published by the United States Air Force in 1996. Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, the second airport in Istanbul, is named after her.
Salah (Saladin) ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (1137-1193) was a Kurdish commander and political leader. He was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant. At the height of his power, the Ayyubid realm spanned Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, and Nubia.
Sanusi (Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi) (1787-1859) was an Algerian Muslim theologian and leader who founded the Sanusi order in 1837. His militant mystical movement proved very significant and helped Libya to win its freedom from Italy on 10 February 1947. Al-Sanusi's grandson Idrīs I ruled as king of Libya from 1951 to 1969.
Seljuk Empire a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. The empire spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asiavin the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194.
Seyit (turkmenization of arabic Seyyid/Sayyid, it mean "lord," "master," or "chief)Shafi'i school (Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence. It belongs to the Ahl al-Hadith tradition within Sunni Islam. It is named after the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionist al-Shafi'i (c. 767–820 CE), also known as "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", in the early 9th century.[4][5][3] One who subscribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i (Arabic: ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-shāfiʿī, pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة, al-shāfiʿīyah or ٱلشَّوَافِع, al-shawāfiʿ).The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī, Mālikī and Ḥanbalī.
Shahada (aš-šahādatu; 'the testimony'), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan. It reads: "I bear witness that there is no god worthy of worship but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." The Shahada declares belief in the oneness (tawhid) of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger.
Shams al-Ma'arif is a grimoire centered on Arabic magic. It is claimed to be a manual for achieving esoteric spirituality. The work is included within the larger compilation Shams al-maʿārif al-kubrā, which is also known as the "Shams al-Ma'arif". Although widely attributed to the 13th century North African Sufi scholar Ahmad al-Buni, his authorship of the text is disputed and has been argued to be pseudepigraphic (falsely attributed) The Shams al-maʿārif al-kubrā is a compilation work of a number of different authors, including some authentic work from al-Buni. While being popular, it also carries a notorious reputation for being suppressed and banned for much of Islamic history.
Sha(i)rīf 'noble', 'highborn', also spelled shareef, feminine sharīfa (شريفة), plural ashrāf (أشراف), shurafāʾ (شرفاء), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, from the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It may be used in three senses:1st: In the broadest sense, it refers to any descendant of Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim (the Banu Hashim or Hashimites, already in Muhammad's day an established clan within the Meccan tribe of the Quraysh), including all descendants of Muhammad's paternal uncles Abu Talib (the Talibids) and al-Abbas (the Abbasids) More often, it refers to a descendant of Ali, a son of Abu Talib and a paternal cousin of Muhammad (the Alids), especially but not exclusively through Ali's marriage with Muhammad's daughter Fatima (the Fatimids). In the sense of descendants of Fatima and Ali (the most common one), the term effectively refers to all descendants of Muhammad.In the narrowest sense, it refers only to someone who descends from Fatima and Ali's eldest son and Muhammad's grandson Hasan: the Hasanids. In this limited context, it is contrasted with the term sayyid ('lord', 'master', plural sāda,then refers only to the descendants of Hasan's )younger brother Husayn the Husaynids)
Suleiman I / Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1566), commonly known as , was the Ottoman sultan from 1520 till 1566. His rule brought about a notable peak in the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power, and raised the number of the empire's subjects to at least 25 million people. After succeeding his father Selim I on 30 September 1520, Suleiman began his reign by launching military campaigns against the Christian powers of Central and Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean; Belgrade fell to him in 1521 and Rhodes in 1522–1523, and at Mohács in 1526, Suleiman broke the strength of the Kingdom of Hungary. Hungary was subsequently divided, with much of it incorporated directly into the empire. However, his defeat at the siege of Vienna in 1529 prevented him from advancing further into Europe. Suleiman also fought for years against the Shia Muslim Safavid Empire of Persia, and annexed Mesopotamia. In North Africa, Ottoman Tripolitania was established and the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and into the Persian Gulf.Swahili people comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab, and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the East African coast across southern Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique, and various archipelagos off the coast, such as Zanzibar, Lamu, and the Comoro Islands
Swahili language also known as Kiswahili, is a Bantu language originally spoken by the Swahili people, who are found primarily in Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique(along the East African coast and adjacent littoral islands). Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers, including both native and second-language speakers, vary widely. They generally range from 150 million to 200 million;with most of its native speakers residing in Tanzania and Kenya. Swahili has a significant number of loanwors from other languages, mainly Arabic, as well as from Portuguese,English and German. Around 40% of Swahili vocabulary consists of Arabic loanwords, including the name of the language سَوَاحِلي sawāḥilī, a plural adjectival form of an Arabic word meaning 'of the coasts'). The loanwords date from the era of contact between Arab traders and the Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Africa, which was also the time period when. Swahili emerged as a lingua franca in the region.
Tanzimat was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, and Fuad Pasha, under Sultans Abdul Mejid and Abdul Aziz, the reforms sought to reverse the empire's decline by modernizing legal, military, and administrative systems while promoting Ottomanism (equality for all subjects). Though secular courts, modern education, and infrastructure like railways, were introduced, the reforms faced resistance from conservative clerics, exacerbated ethnic tensions in the Balkans, and saddled the empire with crippling foreign debt. The Tanzimat’s legacy remains contested: some historians credit it with establishing a powerful national government, while others argue it accelerated imperial fragmentationTarboosh (hat) also known as Fez (hat) from Ottoman Turkish: fes is a headdress in the shape of a short, cylindrical, peakless hat, usually red, typically with a black tassel attached to the top. The name "fez" may refer to the Moroccan city of Fez, where the dye to color the hat was extracted from crimson berries. However, its origins are disputed.
Tariq ibn Ziyad ( 670– 720) was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He led an army and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar fom the North African coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the Rock of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name jabal Ṭāriq, meaning 'mountain of Tariq', which is named after him.
Tariqa (Arabic: طريقة) is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth". A tariqa has a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as muridin (singular murid), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of God and loving God" (also called a faqir). The murshid of the tariqa is also believed to be the same as the tzadik of Judaism, meaning the "rightly guided one".Tazīr is an Arabic term with different meanings depending on the context, but it most commonly refers to discretionary punishment in Islamic law or a term for "influence" or "impact". In Islamic law, it is a type of punishment for offenses where the judge has the discretion to determine the form and severity. In a more general context, "taseer" means "effect" or "influence
Tha(o)wb (also known as a dishdashah or a kandura in other varieties of Arabic, is a garment traditionally worn by men in the Arab world. It is a long-sleeved, ankle-length robe that has regional variations in name and style
Twelver Shi'ism Twelver believe that the Twelve Imams are divinely appointed as both spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and that they possess special knowledge and authority to guide the Muslim community. According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who rule over the Muslim community (Ummah) with justice, and are able to preserve and interpret the Islamic law (Sharia) and the esoteric meaning of the Qur'an. The words and deeds (sunnah) of Muhammad and the Imams are a guide and model for the Muslim community to follow. As a result, Muhammad and the Imams must be free from error and sin, a doctrine known as Ismah (literally 'protection') or infallibility, and must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad.Umayya ibn Abd-Shams (500-600) is the progenitor of the line of the Umayyad caliphs, born in Saudi Arabia.
Umm Kulthum bint Ali / Zaynab al-Ṣughrā(627-700) was the youngest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib. The former was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the latter was his cousin. Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia imam. A young Umm Kulthum lost her grandfather and mother in 632 CE. While she was still a child, the second Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644) asked for her hand in marriage, which was resisted by Umm Kulthum and her father Ali, possibly due to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of women. By one Sunni account, Ali finally agreed to the marriage when Umar enlisted the support of prominent Muslims for his proposal.
Vayloğ Dede (born Mustafa Tuna; 1895–1971) was a respected Alevi spiritual leader (Dede) and revered local figure from the Malatya region of Turkey. His tomb, located in the village of Ballıkaya (formerly known as Mezirme) in the Hekimhan district, is an important pilgrimage site visited by both Alevi and Sunni Muslims.Wadi (canyon) is an Arabic term for a dry riverbed or valley in desert regions, especially North Africa and the Middle East, that contains water only after heavy rainfall, sometimes forming temporary streams or oases. These fluvial landforms act as channels for infrequent but intense rains, creating fertile areas and supporting unique ecosystems, with famous examples like Wadi Rum (Jordan)
Wahhabism is a Salafi revivalist movement within Sunni Islam named after the 18th-century Hanbali scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It was initially established in the central Arabian region of Najd and later spread to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula, and was the official policy of Saudi Arabia until 2022. Despite being founded on the principles of Sunni Islam, the Hanbalite scholars Ibn Taimiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim in particular, Wahhabism may also refer to doctrinal differences distinct from other forms of Sunni Islam. Non-Wahhabi Sunnis also have compared Wahhabism to the belief of the Kharijites and loyalist monarchism.
Wali (saint, governor) a "friend of God" in Islam. It is also an administrative title for a governor in various Muslim empires and is a key role in marriage where the male guardian's consent is required for a Muslim woman to marry. In Sufi tradition, a wali is a Muslim saint or a "friend of God" who is close to Allah and has been marked by divine favor. Historically, a wāli was the governor of an administrative division, a title used in the Caliphates and the Ottoman Empire and still used in some Arab-influenced countries today.
Zariba (an improvised enclosure) often a camp or village, protected by a fence made of thorny bushes. Historically, they were used in parts of Africa, particularly Sudan and neighboring countries, for defense against people or predators. They could also be simple pens for livestock, such as cattle, to protect them from lions
Zaza (or Zazaki) people are an Iranic ethnic group primarily living in eastern Turkey, speaking their own Zaza language, and often identifying as Kurds or having close cultural ties with them, though some consider themselves distinct; they are divided between Alevi and Sunni Islam and have significant diaspora communities in Europe, known for their unique traditions, language, and historical roles in regional politics.Zawiya (zawiyah, zaouia, or zaouïa) is an Islamic religious building, often associated with Sufism, that serves as a place of worship, school, monastery, or mausoleum. It's a place for religious education, spiritual retreat, and community gatherings. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with khanqah, which has a similar purpose
Comments
Post a Comment